Pragmatic is the study of context-dependent meaning and the ways in which language is used to convey a message. It is a subfield of linguistics, along with semantics, syntax, and semiotics. Semantics deals with rules that determine the literal linguistic meanings of words; syntax describes how sentences are put together; and semiotics is concerned with the uses of signs and symbols. Pragmatics adds the social element of communication to these fields, examining how we use language in specific contexts to communicate a message.
Although people often lump pragmatics into the category of linguistics, it is actually a distinct field that is a broad study of human language and behavior. It encompasses several other disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and anthropology. It also draws on the work of philosophers, linguists, and psychologists.
A common definition of pragmatics is “meaning minus semantics.” This means that while semantics provides the literal meaning of an utterance, the rest of the meaning comes from context. The social signals, body language, and tone of voice that accompany an utterance are considered part of the pragmatics.
The term pragmatics grew out of the study of social interaction, particularly in small groups and families. The study of social behavior in this context helped to develop the theories that underlie pragmatics, such as the theory of communicative intention. This was developed by the philosopher Paul Grice.
Other areas that contributed to the development of pragmatics include philosophy, sociology, and anthropology. Morris drew on these disciplines when he laid out his theory of pragmatics. Morris referred to the idea of “the intentional stance” as one of the most important elements of pragmatics. He also wrote that a person’s motivation in communicating an utterance is another vital factor to consider.
Some linguists distinguish between two different aspects of pragmatics: “near side” and “far side.” Near-side pragmatics refers to the nature of the facts that are relevant to an utterance’s meaning. It is this aspect of pragmatics that most theorists focus on. Other linguists, on the other hand, take the more philosophical route. They follow Grice in his emphasis on the principle of relevance, and believe that contextual extralinguistic facts are crucial to an utterance’s meaning.
Ultimately, the goal of pragmatics is to help people understand and be understood. It is this guiding principle that gives pragmatics its name, and which makes it a crucial component of communication.
As the linguistics field evolves, it is likely that pragmatics will continue to be a key area of study. This is especially true when working with individuals with autism spectrum disorder, who need the support of skilled therapists in order to develop their social pragmatic skills. Educators, speech pathologists, and other specialists can teach children with autism spectrum disorder social pragmatic skills to enable them to participate in conversations. This is an important step in building their independence, as well as their confidence and self-esteem. As this happens, children with autism will be able to become more involved in their communities and will have a better quality of life.