Pragmatics is the study of how meaning is constructed in language use, with an emphasis on context and interlocutors. It differs from semantics, which is the study of words and their literal meaning. Instead, pragmatics focuses on the social and cultural context of use, such as how body language and tone of voice influence our interpretation of words.
A key distinction in pragmatics is between conventional and non-conventional meanings of words. Words may have figurative or non-literal meanings, such as metaphoric, ironic, and metonymic. It is also possible for speakers to intend a conventional meaning for a sentence, but deliver it in a way that deviates from convention. When this happens, the meaning of the phrase is considered to be non-literal.
This enables us to understand and interpret the subtleties of communication. For example, if someone says, “Gosh, look at the time,” they are not necessarily trying to convey the literal meaning of the sentence, but rather an indication that they want to leave the conversation. This kind of implication is what makes slang so useful, and also what makes jokes funny!
The study of linguistic pragmatics has many facets, and is closely associated with the studies of semantics, syntax, and semiotics. However, these disciplines each focus on specific aspects of linguistics and their use in different types of contexts. Pragmatics combines all of these elements together into a whole that provides a more holistic view of how we communicate with one another.
Like the other disciplines, pragmatics is a field that is constantly evolving and developing. The most influential pragmatist was John Dewey, who is known for his emphasis on the role of community in the development of human personality and knowledge (Dewey 1993). He influenced a number of other philosophers and social scientists, including the pioneering African-American philosopher W.E.B Du Bois (1868-1963).
Another prominent figure in pragmatism was George Herbert Mead, who worked on sociology and the philosophy of race. His work was important in the development of pragmatism, and is sometimes considered a’second generation’ pragmatist, alongside Peirce and James.
Pragmatics has grown in popularity since its introduction around 1870, and presents a growing alternative to analytic and ‘Continental’ philosophical traditions worldwide. It is widely used as a methodological approach by philosophically inclined psychologists and sociologists, and is incorporated into some educational programs. It has also been adopted by some educators and speech-language pathologists, with applications to a range of disabilities. For example, children with autism spectrum disorder often have difficulties with pragmatic language, and may need help learning how to express themselves in different situations. Strategies such as teaching pragmatic skills through social stories can help to develop and enhance these skills. Other ways to teach pragmatic language include providing visual supports and role playing situations. This will enable children to practice the correct pragmatic behaviours in a safe environment, which will promote more successful social interaction. This will then result in increased independence and a better quality of life.